Multi-Layer Staking Governance Model Solidity, JavaScript, Web3
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```solidity
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";
/**
* @title Multi-Layer Staking Governance Model
* @notice This contract implements a multi-layer staking governance model, allowing users to stake tokens
* and participate in governance decisions with voting power determined by the amount and duration of their stake.
* @dev This example uses a simplified staking mechanism for demonstration purposes. Consider using more
* robust staking and voting libraries in production.
*/
contract MultiLayerStakingGovernance is Ownable {
// Token used for staking and governance.
IERC20 public immutable stakingToken;
// Structure to represent a staker's information.
struct Staker {
uint256 stakeAmount; // Amount of tokens staked.
uint256 stakeStartTime; // Timestamp of when the stake started.
uint256 stakeDuration; // Duration of the stake in seconds.
uint256 votingPowerMultiplier; //Multiplier for voting power based on duration.
}
// Mapping from staker address to their Staker information.
mapping(address => Staker) public stakers;
// Structure to represent a proposal.
struct Proposal {
string description; // Description of the proposal.
uint256 startTime; // Timestamp when voting starts.
uint256 endTime; // Timestamp when voting ends.
uint256 yesVotes; // Number of votes for "yes".
uint256 noVotes; // Number of votes for "no".
bool executed; // Whether the proposal has been executed.
address proposer; // Address of the proposer
}
// Mapping from proposal ID to the Proposal struct.
mapping(uint256 => Proposal) public proposals;
// Counter for generating unique proposal IDs.
uint256 public proposalCount;
// Minimum staking duration in seconds (e.g., 1 week).
uint256 public constant MIN_STAKING_DURATION = 7 days;
// Maximum staking duration in seconds (e.g., 1 year).
uint256 public constant MAX_STAKING_DURATION = 365 days;
// Base voting power multiplier
uint256 public constant BASE_VOTING_POWER_MULTIPLIER = 1;
// Voting power multiplier for shorter staking durations
uint256 public constant SHORT_STAKING_MULTIPLIER = 2;
// Voting power multiplier for medium staking durations
uint256 public constant MEDIUM_STAKING_MULTIPLIER = 4;
// Voting power multiplier for longer staking durations
uint256 public constant LONG_STAKING_MULTIPLIER = 8;
// Constructor to initialize the contract with the staking token address.
constructor(address _stakingTokenAddress) {
stakingToken = IERC20(_stakingTokenAddress);
}
/**
* @notice Stake tokens in the contract.
* @param _amount The amount of tokens to stake.
* @param _duration The duration of the stake in seconds.
*/
function stake(uint256 _amount, uint256 _duration) external {
require(_amount > 0, "Amount must be greater than zero.");
require(_duration >= MIN_STAKING_DURATION, "Duration must be at least the minimum staking duration.");
require(_duration <= MAX_STAKING_DURATION, "Duration must be no more than the maximum staking duration.");
require(stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount == 0, "You must unstake your current stake before staking again.");
// Transfer tokens from the user to the contract.
stakingToken.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), _amount);
// Update staker information.
stakers[msg.sender] = Staker({
stakeAmount: _amount,
stakeStartTime: block.timestamp,
stakeDuration: _duration,
votingPowerMultiplier: calculateVotingPowerMultiplier(_duration)
});
emit Staked(msg.sender, _amount, _duration);
}
/**
* @notice Unstake tokens from the contract.
*/
function unstake() external {
require(stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount > 0, "You have no tokens staked.");
// Calculate the amount of tokens to transfer back to the user.
uint256 amount = stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount;
// Reset staker information.
delete stakers[msg.sender];
// Transfer tokens back to the user.
stakingToken.transfer(msg.sender, amount);
emit Unstaked(msg.sender, amount);
}
/**
* @notice Propose a new governance proposal.
* @param _description The description of the proposal.
* @param _startTime The timestamp when voting starts.
* @param _endTime The timestamp when voting ends.
*/
function propose(string memory _description, uint256 _startTime, uint256 _endTime) external {
require(_startTime > block.timestamp, "Start time must be in the future.");
require(_endTime > _startTime, "End time must be after start time.");
require(stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount > 0, "You must have tokens staked to propose.");
// Create a new proposal.
proposalCount++;
proposals[proposalCount] = Proposal({
description: _description,
startTime: _startTime,
endTime: _endTime,
yesVotes: 0,
noVotes: 0,
executed: false,
proposer: msg.sender
});
emit Proposed(proposalCount, _description, _startTime, _endTime, msg.sender);
}
/**
* @notice Vote on a governance proposal.
* @param _proposalId The ID of the proposal to vote on.
* @param _vote A boolean indicating whether to vote "yes" (true) or "no" (false).
*/
function vote(uint256 _proposalId, bool _vote) external {
require(proposals[_proposalId].startTime <= block.timestamp, "Voting has not started yet.");
require(proposals[_proposalId].endTime > block.timestamp, "Voting has ended.");
require(stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount > 0, "You must have tokens staked to vote.");
require(!proposals[_proposalId].executed, "Proposal has already been executed.");
// Calculate voting power based on stake amount.
uint256 votingPower = stakers[msg.sender].stakeAmount * stakers[msg.sender].votingPowerMultiplier;
// Record the vote.
if (_vote) {
proposals[_proposalId].yesVotes += votingPower;
} else {
proposals[_proposalId].noVotes += votingPower;
}
emit Voted(msg.sender, _proposalId, _vote, votingPower);
}
/**
* @notice Execute a governance proposal. Can only be called after the voting period has ended and
* if the proposal has passed (yes votes > no votes). Only the owner can execute.
* @param _proposalId The ID of the proposal to execute.
*/
function execute(uint256 _proposalId) external onlyOwner {
require(proposals[_proposalId].endTime <= block.timestamp, "Voting has not ended yet.");
// Check if proposal has been executed
Proposal storage proposal = proposals[_proposalId];
require(!proposal.executed, "Proposal has already been executed.");
require(proposal.yesVotes > proposal.noVotes, "Proposal did not pass.");
// Mark the proposal as executed.
proposal.executed = true;
emit Executed(_proposalId);
// Add the logic to execute the proposal here. This is a placeholder.
// In a real implementation, this would likely involve calling another contract
// to perform a specific action based on the proposal.
//Example:
// TargetContract(targetContractAddress).someFunction(proposal.data);
}
/**
* @notice Calculates the voting power multiplier based on staking duration.
* @param _duration The staking duration in seconds.
* @return The voting power multiplier.
*/
function calculateVotingPowerMultiplier(uint256 _duration) public pure returns (uint256) {
if (_duration < MIN_STAKING_DURATION * 2) {
return SHORT_STAKING_MULTIPLIER;
} else if (_duration < MIN_STAKING_DURATION * 4) {
return MEDIUM_STAKING_MULTIPLIER;
} else {
return LONG_STAKING_MULTIPLIER;
}
}
// Events
event Staked(address indexed staker, uint256 amount, uint256 duration);
event Unstaked(address indexed staker, uint256 amount);
event Proposed(uint256 indexed proposalId, string description, uint256 startTime, uint256 endTime, address proposer);
event Voted(address indexed voter, uint256 indexed proposalId, bool vote, uint256 votingPower);
event Executed(uint256 indexed proposalId);
}
```
```javascript
// web3.js example (requires a provider like MetaMask or Ganache)
const Web3 = require('web3');
// Replace with your contract address and ABI
const contractAddress = 'YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS';
const contractABI = [
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "address",
"name": "_stakingTokenAddress",
"type": "address"
}
],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "constructor"
},
{
"anonymous": false,
"inputs": [
{
"indexed": true,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "proposalId",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "string",
"name": "description",
"type": "string"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "startTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "endTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "address",
"name": "proposer",
"type": "address"
}
],
"name": "Proposed",
"type": "event"
},
{
"anonymous": false,
"inputs": [
{
"indexed": true,
"internalType": "address",
"name": "staker",
"type": "address"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "amount",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "duration",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "Staked",
"type": "event"
},
{
"anonymous": false,
"inputs": [
{
"indexed": true,
"internalType": "address",
"name": "staker",
"type": "address"
},
{
"indexed": false,
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "amount",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "Unstaked",
"type": "event"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_duration",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "calculateVotingPowerMultiplier",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"stateMutability": "pure",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_proposalId",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "execute",
"outputs": [],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "MAX_STAKING_DURATION",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "MIN_STAKING_DURATION",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "string",
"name": "_description",
"type": "string"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_startTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_endTime",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "propose",
"outputs": [],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "proposals",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "string",
"name": "description",
"type": "string"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "startTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "endTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "yesVotes",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "noVotes",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "bool",
"name": "executed",
"type": "bool"
},
{
"internalType": "address",
"name": "proposer",
"type": "address"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "proposalCount",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "stakingToken",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "contract IERC20",
"name": "",
"type": "address"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_amount",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_duration",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "stake",
"outputs": [],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "address",
"name": "",
"type": "address"
}
],
"name": "stakers",
"outputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "stakeAmount",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "stakeStartTime",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "stakeDuration",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "votingPowerMultiplier",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [],
"name": "unstake",
"outputs": [],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"inputs": [
{
"internalType": "uint256",
"name": "_proposalId",
"type": "uint256"
},
{
"internalType": "bool",
"name": "_vote",
"type": "bool"
}
],
"name": "vote",
"outputs": [],
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
}
];
const tokenABI = [
{
"constant": false,
"inputs": [
{
"name": "_to",
"type": "address"
},
{
"name": "_value",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "transfer",
"outputs": [
{
"name": "",
"type": "bool"
}
],
"payable": false,
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"constant": false,
"inputs": [
{
"name": "_from",
"type": "address"
},
{
"name": "_to",
"type": "address"
},
{
"name": "_value",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"name": "transferFrom",
"outputs": [
{
"name": "",
"type": "bool"
}
],
"payable": false,
"stateMutability": "nonpayable",
"type": "function"
},
{
"constant": true,
"inputs": [
{
"name": "_owner",
"type": "address"
}
],
"name": "balanceOf",
"outputs": [
{
"name": "balance",
"type": "uint256"
}
],
"payable": false,
"stateMutability": "view",
"type": "function"
}
];
// Replace with the address of the staking token
const stakingTokenAddress = 'YOUR_STAKING_TOKEN_ADDRESS';
// Replace with your Ethereum provider (e.g., MetaMask, Ganache)
const web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);
// Contract instance
const contract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractABI, contractAddress);
const tokenContract = new web3.eth.Contract(tokenABI, stakingTokenAddress);
// Example function to stake tokens
async function stakeTokens(amount, duration) {
try {
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
const account = accounts[0];
const amountWei = web3.utils.toWei(amount.toString(), 'ether'); // Convert to Wei
// Approve the contract to spend tokens on behalf of the user
await tokenContract.methods.approve(contractAddress, amountWei).send({ from: account });
const gas = await contract.methods.stake(amountWei, duration).estimateGas({from:account});
const tx = await contract.methods.stake(amountWei, duration).send({ from: account, gas: gas});
console.log('Stake transaction:', tx);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error staking tokens:', error);
}
}
// Example function to unstake tokens
async function unstakeTokens() {
try {
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
const account = accounts[0];
const gas = await contract.methods.unstake().estimateGas({from:account});
const tx = await contract.methods.unstake().send({ from: account, gas: gas});
console.log('Unstake transaction:', tx);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error unstaking tokens:', error);
}
}
// Example function to propose a new governance proposal
async function proposeProposal(description, startTime, endTime) {
try {
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
const account = accounts[0];
const gas = await contract.methods.propose(description, startTime, endTime).estimateGas({from:account});
const tx = await contract.methods.propose(description, startTime, endTime).send({ from: account, gas: gas});
console.log('Propose transaction:', tx);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error proposing proposal:', error);
}
}
// Example function to vote on a proposal
async function voteOnProposal(proposalId, vote) {
try {
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
const account = accounts[0];
const gas = await contract.methods.vote(proposalId, vote).estimateGas({from:account});
const tx = await contract.methods.vote(proposalId, vote).send({ from: account, gas: gas});
console.log('Vote transaction:', tx);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error voting on proposal:', error);
}
}
// Example function to execute a proposal (only owner can call this)
async function executeProposal(proposalId) {
try {
const accounts = await window.ethereum.request({ method: 'eth_requestAccounts' });
const account = accounts[0];
const gas = await contract.methods.execute(proposalId).estimateGas({from:account});
const tx = await contract.methods.execute(proposalId).send({ from: account, gas: gas});
console.log('Execute transaction:', tx);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error executing proposal:', error);
}
}
// Example function to get staker info
async function getStakerInfo(account) {
try {
const stakerInfo = await contract.methods.stakers(account).call();
console.log('Staker Info:', stakerInfo);
return stakerInfo;
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error getting staker info:', error);
return null;
}
}
async function getProposal(proposalId){
try {
const proposalInfo = await contract.methods.proposals(proposalId).call();
console.log('Proposal Info', proposalInfo);
return proposalInfo;
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error getting proposal info: ', error);
return null;
}
}
// Example Usage (call these functions in your UI or scripts)
//stakeTokens(100, 60 * 60 * 24 * 30); // Stake 100 tokens for 30 days
//unstakeTokens();
//proposeProposal("Upgrade contract version", Date.now() + 60, Date.now() + 3600); // Propose a proposal starting in 1 minute and ending in 1 hour
//voteOnProposal(1, true); // Vote "yes" on proposal ID 1
//executeProposal(1); // Execute proposal ID 1 (only callable by owner after voting ends)
//getStakerInfo('YOUR_ACCOUNT_ADDRESS');
```
**Explanation:**
**Solidity Contract (MultiLayerStakingGovernance.sol):**
1. **`pragma solidity ^0.8.0;`**: Specifies the Solidity compiler version.
2. **`import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";`**: Imports the `IERC20` interface from OpenZeppelin, allowing the contract to interact with ERC20 tokens.
3. **`import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol";`**: Imports the `Ownable` contract from OpenZeppelin, providing ownership functionality.
4. **`contract MultiLayerStakingGovernance is Ownable`**: Defines the contract named `MultiLayerStakingGovernance` and inherits from `Ownable`. This means the contract has an owner who has special privileges.
5. **`IERC20 public immutable stakingToken;`**: Declares an immutable state variable to store the address of the ERC20 staking token. `immutable` means it can only be set in the constructor. `public` makes it accessible from outside the contract.
6. **`Staker` struct**: Defines a structure to store information about each staker, including the amount staked, stake start time, stake duration, and voting power multiplier.
7. **`stakers` mapping**: A mapping from staker address to their `Staker` struct, allowing the contract to easily retrieve information about a specific staker.
8. **`Proposal` struct**: Defines a structure to represent a governance proposal, including its description, start and end times, votes, execution status, and proposer address.
9. **`proposals` mapping**: A mapping from proposal ID to the `Proposal` struct.
10. **`proposalCount`**: A counter to generate unique proposal IDs.
11. **`MIN_STAKING_DURATION` and `MAX_STAKING_DURATION`**: Constants defining the minimum and maximum allowed staking durations.
12. **`calculateVotingPowerMultiplier` Function**: This function determines a staker's voting power multiplier based on the staking duration. This implements the multi-layer aspect.
13. **`constructor(address _stakingTokenAddress)`**: The constructor initializes the `stakingToken` with the address of the ERC20 token used for staking.
14. **`stake(uint256 _amount, uint256 _duration)`**: Allows users to stake tokens. It:
* Checks if the amount and duration are valid.
* Transfers tokens from the user to the contract using `stakingToken.transferFrom`. **Important**: The user needs to approve the contract to spend their tokens before calling `stake`.
* Updates the `stakers` mapping with the staking information.
* Emits a `Staked` event.
15. **`unstake()`**: Allows users to unstake their tokens. It:
* Checks if the user has tokens staked.
* Transfers the tokens back to the user using `stakingToken.transfer`.
* Deletes the staker's information from the `stakers` mapping.
* Emits an `Unstaked` event.
16. **`propose(string memory _description, uint256 _startTime, uint256 _endTime)`**: Allows stakers to propose a new governance proposal. It:
* Checks if the start and end times are valid and if the proposer has tokens staked.
* Creates a new `Proposal` struct and adds it to the `proposals` mapping.
* Emits a `Proposed` event.
17. **`vote(uint256 _proposalId, bool _vote)`**: Allows stakers to vote on a proposal. It:
* Checks if the voting period is active and if the voter has tokens staked.
* Calculates the voting power based on the stake amount.
* Updates the `yesVotes` or `noVotes` count based on the voter's choice.
* Emits a `Voted` event.
18. **`execute(uint256 _proposalId)`**: Allows the *owner* to execute a proposal after the voting period has ended and the proposal has passed (yes votes > no votes). It:
* Checks if the voting period has ended, if the proposal has passed, and if it hasn't already been executed.
* Marks the proposal as executed.
* Emits an `Executed` event.
* **Important:** This function includes a placeholder comment where the actual logic for executing the proposal would go. This would typically involve calling another contract or modifying state variables based on the proposal's details.
19. **`Events`**: The contract defines events for staking, unstaking, proposing, voting, and executing. These events are used to log activity and can be listened to by external applications (e.g., a UI).
**JavaScript Example (web3.js):**
1. **`const Web3 = require('web3');`**: Imports the `web3.js` library.
2. **`const contractAddress = 'YOUR_CONTRACT_ADDRESS';`**: Replace this with the actual address of your deployed contract.
3. **`const contractABI = [...]`**: Replace this with the ABI (Application Binary Interface) of your contract. You can get this from the Solidity compiler output. The ABI describes the contract's functions and events.
4. **`const web3 = new Web3(window.ethereum);`**: Creates a `Web3` instance connected to an Ethereum provider. In a browser environment, this usually involves MetaMask or another wallet extension. `window.ethereum` is the standard way for dApps to connect to MetaMask.
5. **`const contract = new web3.eth.Contract(contractABI, contractAddress);`**: Creates a contract instance using the ABI and address. This allows you to call the contract's functions from JavaScript.
6. **`stakeTokens(amount, duration)`**: This is an example function that shows how to call the `stake` function of the Solidity contract.
* It gets the user's Ethereum account from MetaMask (or another provider).
* **Crucially, it calls `tokenContract.methods.approve(contractAddress, amountWei).send({ from: account });`**. This is essential because the `stake` function in the Solidity contract needs to transfer tokens *from* the user's account. The user must first approve the contract to do this.
* It converts the amount to Wei (the smallest unit of Ether) using `web3.utils.toWei`.
* It calls the `stake` function on the contract using `contract.methods.stake(amountWei, duration).send({ from: account });`.
* The `send({ from: account })` part specifies the account that is sending the transaction and paying the gas.
7. **`unstakeTokens()`**, **`proposeProposal()`**, **`voteOnProposal()`**, **`executeProposal()`**: These functions are similar to `stakeTokens()` and show how to call the other functions of the Solidity contract. They all follow the same pattern: get an account, estimate gas, call the contract function, and send the transaction.
8. **Error Handling**: Each function includes a `try...catch` block to handle potential errors during the transaction. It's important to handle errors gracefully in a real application.
**Key Improvements and Considerations:**
* **Voting Power Multiplier**: Implemented a tiered voting power multiplier based on stake duration. This encourages longer-term staking. The `calculateVotingPowerMultiplier` function implements this logic.
* **Events**: The contract emits events to track all important actions. This is crucial for building a UI that can display the history of the contract and notify users of changes.
* **Gas Estimation**: The JavaScript example now includes gas estimation (`estimateGas`). This is important because it helps prevent transactions from failing due to insufficient gas.
* **Security:** The contract uses OpenZeppelin's `IERC20` and `Ownable` contracts, which are well-tested and audited. However, it's important to thoroughly audit your own code for vulnerabilities.
* **User Interface (UI):** The JavaScript example provides a basic framework for interacting with the contract. To build a full dApp, you'll need to create a UI that allows users to connect their wallets, stake tokens, propose proposals, vote, and view the state of the contract.
* **Error Messages:** The Solidity contract includes informative error messages to help users understand why a transaction failed.
* **Access Control**: The `execute` function is restricted to the owner of the contract using the `onlyOwner` modifier. This ensures that only a trusted party can execute proposals.
* **Transfer Approval**: The JavaScript example explicitly calls the `approve` function on the ERC20 token contract *before* calling the `stake` function. This is *essential* for the `transferFrom` function in the Solidity contract to work correctly.
* **Token Amounts**: The code converts token amounts to Wei using `web3.utils.toWei` before sending them to the contract. This is important because Solidity contracts typically work with Wei.
* **Comments**: The code is well-commented to explain the purpose of each function and variable.
* **ABI**: Provides an ABI for usage.
* **Events**: Provides events for all major actions.
* **Readability**: The code is formatted for readability.
* **Structure**: Uses structs to create data structures to handle complex entities, like proposals and stakers.
**How to Use:**
1. **Deploy the ERC20 Token:** You'll need to deploy an ERC20 token contract first. You can use a standard ERC20 contract from OpenZeppelin or write your own. Note the address of the deployed token.
2. **Deploy the Staking Contract:** Deploy the `MultiLayerStakingGovernance` contract, providing the address of your deployed ERC20 token to the constructor.
3. **Connect with MetaMask:** Make sure you have MetaMask (or another Ethereum wallet) installed in your browser. Connect MetaMask to the same network where you deployed the contracts (e.g., Ganache, Goerli, or mainnet).
4. **Approve Token Spending:** Before staking, you *must* approve the staking contract to spend your ERC20 tokens. Use the `approve` function on the ERC20 token contract. You can do this using the JavaScript code in the example.
5. **Call Functions:** Use the JavaScript code to call the functions of the staking contract, such as `stake`, `unstake`, `propose`, `vote`, and `execute`.
Remember to replace the placeholder addresses and ABIs with your actual contract details. This is a basic example, and you'll need to adapt it to your specific needs. You will have to handle error cases, edge cases, and gas optimization. Also, carefully consider the security implications before deploying to a production environment.
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